Cotton stalks are rich in organic substances such as cellulose and lignin and are good materials for cultivation of edible fungi. The traditional mushroom cultivation uses corn cobs and cottonseed skins, and the cottonseed husks have a wide range of uses and large amounts. The prices of cottonseed skins are on the rise, which seriously restricts the production of edible fungi. The use of cotton straw as a base material for cultivation of edible fungi has solved the problem of the influence of such a culture medium material on the production of edible fungi, and has greatly increased the source of edible fungus production raw materials. At the same time, the remaining mushroom oysters after the production of fresh mushrooms is a mushroom-rich, nutrient-rich protein feed, which can also be used as a high-quality organic fertilizer. The application and promotion of this technology has enabled multi-level appreciation of agricultural resources. It can make heavy use of crop straw, reduce environmental pollution, and increase farmers' income. First of all, the chemical compositions of cotton straw, corn cob, and cottonseed skin are basically similar, but their contents and physical properties are different, which does not affect the cultivation of mushrooms. Second, practice has proved feasible. Such as Agaricus bisporus and straw mushroom, etc., is mainly wheat straw. Through a large amount of research and cultivation experiments in various places, the use of cotton straw straw and cottonseed skin production is basically the same, the cultivation of needle mushroom as an example, with cottonseed skin cultivation and use of corn stover, wheat straw, rice straw, corn cob, etc. The generation rate can reach 80% to 100%. There are about 20 kinds of edible fungi cultivated in a commercial way. All of the cultivation with wood chips and cottonseeds can be replaced with cotton straw. The third is to meet the general direction of sustainable development. Cultivating edible fungi with cotton stalks not only can reduce costs and improve efficiency, but also can turn clinker wastes back to field fertilizers, or feed on nutritious livestock feeds to promote a virtuous circle of agricultural production. The development of edible fungi using cotton stalks has a very promising market. Practice has proved that the use of rice straw, wheat straw, corn stalks, rape stalks, cotton straw, etc. as the main material, can produce a large number of edible mushrooms, this technology has a mature formula and management process, so that the mushroom rate reached or even exceeded Simply use the standard of cottonseed husks. Cotton straw is used as the basic material for mushroom cultivation. After 5 to 8 mu of straw, it can be cultivated with 1 mu of open land mushroom after maturity. It can produce mushrooms of 2000-3000 kilograms and income of 5000-6000 yuan. It is a small investment and has quick effect. The technical requirements are not high, and the rich projects that are welcomed by farmers are effective and can effectively reduce the environmental pollution caused by the burning of straw. Process for growing edible mushrooms by using cotton straw: (1) Raw material preparation: The culture material can be selected from a variety of crop straws (such as cotton straw, soybean straw, corn straw, etc.), and it should be fresh and free from mildew and fully exposed to sunlight. Dried and crushed. When applying the cultivation method without adding auxiliary materials, the fresh straw cells used for growing mushrooms still have vitality. The hyphae can hardly decompose the cellulose and lignin. The straw needs to be soaked and fermented. Generally, it is fermented for 5-7 days and the straw length is found to be long. When full of snow-like material can be used to cultivate. (2) Excipients: The proportion of raw materials in the culture medium is relatively small, but the raw material that plays an important role in regulating and balancing the nutrient of the whole culture material is called excipient. Commonly used accessories are wheat bran (bran), corn flour, bean cake and so on. The amount of bran added is generally 5% to 15% and the fresher the better. As a supplementary material, the amount of corn flour should be 2% to 5%, and the more fresh it is, the better. Add more in the hot season and more in the cold season. The main role of lime is to adjust the pH, the amount of 1% to 3%. Gypsum is added in an amount of 1% to 3%. Inorganic trace elements are added in an appropriate amount based on the carbon to nitrogen ratio. (3) Venue: The cultivated edible fungi sites include: raw material reserve sites, condiments and bagging sites, sterilization sites, inoculation sites, and bacterial growth sites. The requirement for the site is that the terrain is relatively high and it is convenient for drainage and ventilation; the surrounding environment is clean, away from the garbage dump or polluting the heavier companies. For a large-scale edible fungi farm, the layout of these sites should be reasonable, easy to operate, reduce handling and bacterial bag damage, improve work efficiency and the yield of bacteria sticks. (4) spices: formula. It is generally believed that different raw material cultivation edible fungi have different yields due to the difference in their own nutrient content. The cultivation practice of edible fungi has proved that the main ingredient of a cultivated edible fungus has a certain impact on the yield, but for many raw materials, as long as the appropriate amount of supplementary materials is added, nutrition is balanced and the formula is reasonable, the ideal output will still be obtained. In formulating a formulation of culture ingredients, attention should be paid to the following two issues: First, the nutritional characteristics of each mushroom should be properly matched with carbon nutrition and nitrogen nutrition so that carbon and nitrogen nutrition balance can be achieved. The second is that raw materials with poor air permeability can be properly added with better air permeability. Feed water ratio. When mixing materials, the ratio of material to water must be reasonable, and the water content is generally about 65%, that is, there is a water droplet oozing by hand, but no water flow can be formed. Spices. Clean the ingredients before mixing the ingredients. When the materials are mixed, according to the proportion of formula, the main material beach shall be spread on the site first, and then the auxiliary materials shall be firstly mixed according to the formula proportion, and then the mixed auxiliary materials shall be scattered on the main materials and mixed evenly with the wooden mortar. Finally, add water according to the feed water ratio. After adding water, turn it up and down with a shovel, and stir the mixture twice with a mixer. Mixing material moisture size is appropriate, you can use a handful of material with a strong rake, found that there is overflow between fingers, the material water ratio is a normal range. (5) Bagging and bagging time. The ingredients can be bagged immediately after mixing. Especially in the summer high temperature season, the culture material is easily rancid and the PH value drops below 6.5. Plastic bag choice. The most commonly used plastic bag for cultivating cultivated mushrooms is 17 cm 35 cm 0.04 cm low-pressure high-density polyethylene. The plastic bag has good toughness, the bag is not easily damaged, and the pollution rate is low. If it is a machine bag whose size should be 17 cm 33 cm 0.04 cm, the plastic bag has been sealed at one end. It is also possible to use a pouch with one end at the end. Bagging. When bagging must pay attention to the tightness of the material in the bag should be moderate, too tight to affect the permeability of bacteria, installed too loose and easy to contaminate the bacteria. (6) Sterilization is a process in which all living things in a bag are killed by heat energy. At present, the most commonly used method in China is atmospheric pressure sterilization, while autoclave application is less. Atmospheric pressure in the past is the use of soil steamer, sterilization with a soil steamer, the drawback is that the charge is less, the pot installed pan operation is inconvenient, the material cooling is slow. Instead, small boilers (steam generators) are used to sterilize bacteria sticks under atmospheric pressure. This sterilization method is easy to operate and cools quickly. Now using autoclaving can save fuel and shorten sterilization time. (7) Inoculation: Strains should be selected for high-yield, anti-reverse, and wide-temperature strains. Inoculation is the process or method of inserting a solid strain or a liquid strain into a rod. The entire process of inoculation should be performed aseptically. Whether or not aseptic operation can be the key to the success or failure of inoculation, is also the key to whether bacteria can infect bacteria. Inoculation methods can be divided into inoculation rooms, inoculation boxes, and inoculation vaccination. (8) Embryo is the whole process of mycelium growing after inoculation. No matter whether it is indoor or plastic greenhouses, the most important thing is: clean, dry, ventilated, and suitable for temperature. Fungus establishments. In the indoor bacteria, you can first clean the room, if the cement floor is best washed with water once. After rinsing, ventilate and dry. As a plastic greenhouse, the key is to ventilate and dry. Transport. After the inoculation is completed, the bacillus spp. will be transported to the bacterium growing room or the fungus shed in time. Place the bacteria stick. During the summer heat season, bacteria sticks should be placed in a single row, with 3 to 5 layers per row. If the venue permits, it can be placed in a well. This placement allows the bacteria to dissipate heat and avoid burning bacteria. In the winter production of fungus rods, there are two situations in which the fungus sticks are germinated: in one case, the well-characterized sticks directly produce mushrooms in situ. In this case, the fungus sticks can be placed at a certain distance (the distance between each row). 70 to 80 cm), 5-8 layers of fungus bars can be placed in each row. There is also a situation where the good bacteria sticks are full, and then the mushroom sticks are moved to a mushrooming place to produce mushrooms. Each row can be placed in 5 to 6 layers. Fungi management. The germination temperature should be controlled between 20°C and 25°C. In winter, soil heating or sunlight may be used to increase the temperature. The main management measures in summer are cooling. The method of cooling is to provide ventilation in the morning and evening. The entire germination process must not spray water. The lower the humidity, the better. The germination process does not require light, in particular, direct sunlight, and in the process of germination it is also necessary to control the fungus rods to infect the bacteria. The germinal rods need fresh air, and the bacteria-producing areas must be combined with the temperature to perform ventilation. (9) Mushroom management When the hyphae eats the permeate layer, the straw changes from yellow to yellowish white or white, and it will soon become a mushroom. At this time, management measures such as water spray, ventilation, and earth covering shall be taken according to factors such as humidity, temperature, growth of edible fungi, and quality requirements. After the first tidal mushroom is harvested, the surface debris and dead mushrooms are eliminated, and the holes left after the harvest are filled with moist new soil and the nutrients are properly added. The use of cotton stalks to cultivate edible fungi, due to different varieties of mushrooms, raw materials, cultivation facilities, geographical and climatic conditions and other factors, its cultivation methods vary, coupled with different raw material combinations, product prices are different, in the actual production Based on the above basic process, a variety of edible mushroom cultivation models have emerged in various localities. The use of cotton stalks for the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus: also known as white mushroom, its fresh meat, delicious taste, rich in protein, a variety of amino acids, so enjoy the "plant meat" reputation. Cultivation of the main material is cotton straw and livestock manure, very Appropriate for the production of farmers (1) Choose the appropriate planting time: Agaricus bisporus can grow at 8 °C ~ 27 °C, the optimum growth temperature of 20 °C ~ 22 °C; fruiting bodies can grow at 8 °C ~ 18 °C, the most suitable The temperature is from 10°C to 15°C.According to this, the northern part of the country, the Agaricus bisporus is generally used to make raw materials in mid-August. It is planted from late August to early September, covered with earth in the middle and late, harvested from October to December, and can be harvested in the second year. One Spring Mushroom (2) Cultivation site: Use solar greenhouses or greenhouses (from east to west, facing south to the south), cover straw on the shed, and draw draft curtains to increase sunlight temperature at low temperatures. Beds and beds can be built into 2 or 3 layers, each with a spacing of 50 cm, with a bed width of 120 cm and a bed with 60 cm between the beds. (3) Preparation of culture materials and fermentation methods: 1 Preparation method: one is livestock manure (dry weight) 57%, wheat straw 40%, gypsum powder, lime, superphosphate 1%, the other is 89% of cotton straw or corn straw, 2% of lime, compound fertilizer, 1% of gypsum and urea, 5% of bean cake, plus 250～ 500 kilograms of human waste.The corn stalks are cut into 3 to 5 cm with a rake before fermentation, and the livestock manure is dried and prevented from being washed by rain.2 The composting and turning of the culture materials. The sifter smashes the cotton straw stalks.The corn can be soaked with 2% lime water for 24 hours before the construction of the heap, and the moisture content is controlled to about 65% to 70%. In addition, the manure is added to the water 2 to 3 days in advance. When building the pile, first put the straw 30cm thick, 2m wide, unlimited length, and then spread on top of a layer of damp livestock and poultry manure, about 5cm thick, so that piled up in layers, the top layer with The top of the manure is about 1.5 meters high, and when it is piled up, put some mats, straw curtains and the like on the top to prevent sun and rain, heaping up to the north and south, and it takes 25 days for accumulation to take place, during which time it is turned 4 to 5 times. And continuously adding minerals.The first time it was dumped for 7 days, the lime, gypsum powder and bean cake were added to the inside, and human excrement was added in half; the second time was 6 On the other hand, add the other half of human feces and urine, add urea, compound fertilizer, and superphosphate at the same time; the third is 5 days, the fourth is 4 days, and the moisture should be grasped and the straw should be squeezed to remove two or three drops of water. The fifth time is 3 days, no water is added, and when the stalks of cotton are changed from white or light yellow to brown, the material is loose and flexible, and it is accompanied by aroma that it has been fermented well.3 The post fermentation of culture materials. The fermented material is removed by heat and transferred to a mushroom house for a short period of high-temperature fermentation in order to change the nature of the culture, increase its nutrient content, and thoroughly kill the insects by means of stacking the material on the bed frame, closing doors and windows, and ventilation. In the mouth, the temperature is raised to above 60°C for 5 to 6 hours by steam and fire, and when the temperature drops to about 25°C, it can be sown after 4 days, and when the temperature of the material falls to room temperature, the material is spread out. Thickness of about 20 to 25 cm (4) Cultivation and management: 1 mushroom room disinfection. Before the planting, the mushroom house was cleaned and 10 ml of formaldehyde and 8 g of potassium permanganate were used per cubic meter. The fumigation was conducted for 24 hours, and then the window was ventilated, and the culture material was transferred to the mushroom house. 2 sowing. After the culture material was fermented, the seed was started when the temperature was lowered to 25°C. The culture material is first spread on the bed frame and is 10-15 cm thick. Check before sowing, thick and thick mycelium is a quality strain. Drilling: Dig the cultivation material every 3 to 10 cm deep into a small ditch of 3 cm. Spread the bacteria into the ditch and close it. Some of the bacteria are exposed outside the material. Can also be spread: spread the bacteria on the culture material, hand grasping loose, and then beat with a flat board. After sowing, close the doors and windows and vents, can be covered with plastic sheeting on the material surface, mycelium germination after 3 days, gradually open the doors and windows and plastic sheeting, according to eating conditions, increase the amount of oxygen, if the material surface dry, can cover the paper Spray moisturizing. 3 cover soil. The soil covered should be of good granule structure and have fertility, such as dry mud ponds, and the second layer of soil in the vegetable garden. Generally, the arable soil below 10 cm is used. After sun exposure for 3 days, the diameter of the soil is sieved and divided into soil particles. 1.5-2 cm of coarse soil and fine soil with a diameter of 0.5-1 cm. They are then stacked, sprayed with 400 times formaldehyde and covered for 24 hours. Covering time: 15 to 20 days after sowing, the mycelium grows to a thickness of 2/3. Cover the soil twice, first cover coarse soil particles, do not overlap without leaking material, use a wooden board to shoot appropriate water spray, do not leak into the material, cover fine soil every 5 to 7 days, make up, spray, total thickness 3 to 4 centimeters or so. 4 fruiting management. The first is temperature. About 20 days from the cover to the mushroom, the most suitable temperature 22 °C ~ 26 °C, followed by humidity. In the mushrooming stage, artificial water spray should be used to increase humidity, so that the air humidity can be stabilized at about 65%, and the growth stage of the fruit body should be increased to 90% to 95%. Water spray should be fine, hardworking and light. Then air. Early autumn and summer temperatures are high and should be ventilated at night and in the morning. When the temperature is low, it should be ventilated at noon. 5 Harvesting and post-collection management. Mushrooms should be timely harvested. When the cap is fully grown and not open before the umbrella is suitable for harvesting. Do not bring out mycelium when harvesting. After harvesting, remove dead mushrooms and residues on the surface of the material, fill the holes left by the mushrooms with coarse soil, and re-spray the water once. After each mushroom is harvested, apply 1% glucose. , 0.5% urea, 0.1 superphosphate, to supplement nutrition. There are many techniques for cultivating edible fungi from cotton stalks, such as cultivating oyster mushrooms with cotton stalks, cultivating cultivated velvet mushrooms with cotton stalks, straw mushrooms with cotton straw, straw smashing with open straw stalks, cotton stalks Straw powder and wheat straw powder bag comatus, in short, stalks of cotton stalks are suitable for the cultivation of a variety of edible fungi.
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